What Causes Amenorrhea?
Primary Amenorrhea
Ovulation Abnormality
Certain ovulation or chromosomal abnormalities can cause the eggs involved in ovulation and menstruation to be prematurely depleted
Genital Abnormalities
The absence of a uterus or vagina, vaginal septum or imperforate hymen present since birth can also result in the absence of menstrual periods
Hypothalamic Problems
The hypothalamus is a gland at the base of the brain that acts as the control center for the body and regulates your menstrual cycle. A disorder of the hypothalamus causing an absence of menstruation is known as functional hypothalamic amenorrhea. Strenuous exercise, excessive weight loss as a result of anorexia nervosa, bulimia or stress may also contribute to interference in the normal functioning of the hypothalamus.
Pituitary Disease
The pituitary gland is also responsible for regulating the menstrual cycle. A tumor or invasive growth may hinder the pituitary gland’s ability to perform this function.
Obesity
Females who are obese often experience amenorrhea as a result of excess fat cells interfering with the process of ovulation.
Thyroid Disease
An underactive thyroid causing hypothyroidism or an overactive thyroid causing hyperthyroidism may also be responsible for absent menstrual cycles.
Secondary Amenorrhea
Pregnancy
Pregnancy is the most common cause of amenorrhea in women of reproductive age. Women do not ovulate when they are pregnant, thus menstruation stops.
Birth Control
Often contraceptives such as birth control pills or hormonal injections can interfere with the menstrual cycle. If oral contraceptives are discontinued, regular ovulation and menstruation may take between 3-6 months to resume.
Excessive Exercise
Athletes or women who participate in strenuous training such as gymnastics, ballet or long distance running can experience absent menstrual cycles. There are many factors such as stress, low body fat and increased energy expenditure that contribute to athletes not having their periods
Medical Conditions
Medical conditions such as traumatic brain injury; brain, ovary, or adrenal gland tumors; ovarian cysts; overproduction of prolactin by the pituitary gland; hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism, chronic illness; and Asherman's syndrome (scarring of the uterine lining caused by infection or surgery) can also cause secondary amenorrhea
Premature Menopause
Menopause that occurs before age 40 is considered premature menopause. It is also associated with secondary amenorrhea and may result from genetic factors or an autoimmune disease.
Hormonal Imbalance
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a disorder associated with hormonal imbalances and may also result in a loss of periods, obesity, acne and at times excess facial hair.
Other causes of secondary amenorrhea may be related to breastfeeding, physical and emotional stress, depression, certain medications, malnutrition, or sudden weight loss or weight gain.
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